Method 1.Heat the oil in a pan and cook the garlic and onion until the onion is transparent. 2.Add the tomato puree, sugar, salt and pepper. 3.Bring the sauce to boil and simmer for 5 mins and keep aside. 4.Heat the oil in a pan and fry the cutlets until crisp and golden on both sides. 5.Place the cutlets in an oven proof dish and top it with cheese slice and grill until the cheese has melted. 6.Pour the sauce over and serve hot.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Antibodies are also very important tools used in medicine and science. Because of the ability of antibody molecules to very precisely "recognize" and bind to certain shapes on other molecules, we can use antibody binding activity to identify an organism - something really important sometimes in order to decide what kind of medical treatment we may need. All in all then, antibody molecules are really nice proteins - just one of the many useful things our immune system does for us.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
When a person gets immunized against something - like diphtheria toxin, pertussis toxin and tetanus toxin (the DPT shot little kids get and the tetanus shot we all continue - or should continue to get), or influenza virus (the flu shot), the thing that is trying to be accomplished is to activate a person's immune system - and one important result of this activation is the organism-specific or foreign substance-specific response of our immune system cells - one of which is the B-cell. Therefore, we will make antibodies which can bind to the thing we are injected with. This response not only leads to an initial production of antibody, but also leads to more cells which "recognize" the foreign thing and which can make antibodies against it. After immunization - or after a natural recovery from some infection - we now have a bunch more cells specifically able to respond to the same foreign thing. So, by using dead bacteria, dead virus, or harmless forms of substances which these organisms produce (like tetanus toxin) as agents for immunization, we build up immunity potential. THEN, if the REAL substance or organism later enters our body, we can make a much, much better response - like many, many more specific antibodies for example - and, we might not even know that we have fought-off this danger.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
antibody molecules made by B-lymphocytes circulate in the bloodstream and also in the lymph (the fluid in our tissue spaces). Because of this circulation, antibody molecules generated in response to something foreign to us which has somehow gotten into our body - like a bacterium or virus - can appear anywhere throughout the body. If these circulating antibodies come in contact with the thing they were generated to appear against in the first place, then, the antibodies will bind to the foreign thing - the target. This binding will result in several possible outcomes - the target may be rendered inactive, it may be now more easily destroyed by some cells we have called macrophages (these cells "eat" things - _especially_ if things are coated with antibody molecules), or, the target may now be unable to associate with our tissue - the antibody molecules may cover the places on the target which allow association with our cells. Therefore, after awhile, a toxin, a virus, or a bacterium will no longer to be able to hurt us.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
The antibody molecule is a special kind of protein made by a cell of the immune system called the B-lymphocyte. Each B-cell produces antibody molecules which are different from the antibody molecules produced by every other B-cell - but - the difference is subtle - but critically important. Remember I said that the Heavy and Light chains fold around one another? -- well -- when this folding happens, a region of the molecule is formed which is capable of binding to molecular shapes which are present on other molecules - or on another antibody molecule for that matter.. This region is called the ANTIBODY COMBINING SITE - and, because there are two HL pairs, there are always at least two binding sites present on each and every antibody molecule. Because the H's are identical to one another, and the L's are identical to one another, _both_ binding sites on the same antibody molecule are identical to one another. This site is where things are bound to the antibody - very specifically. Each site "recognizes" a molecular shape. What I mean here is that because of the shape of the antibody binding site and the nature of the electron clouds generated by the different atoms within this site, the site can bind to other electron clouds - AS LONG AS THE ELECTRON CLOUD SHAPES "FIT" INTO THE SITE. If the shapes don't fit, then the site will not bind the molecule.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Each Heavy chain is about 450 amino-acids long, and each Light chain is about 250 amino-acids long. Therefore, the Heavy chain's mass is about 50,000 Daltons per mole and the Light chain's mass is about 25,000 Daltons per mole. Therefore, if you had exactly 6.023 x 10 raised to the 23rd power (Avogodro's number) - number of molecules of each of either Heavy or Light chains, respectively - that is - one mole of each, therefore, one mole's worth of a complete antibody, this amount of molecules would have a mass of 150,000 Daltons. So, we say that the "molecular mass" of this particular kind of antibody is 150,000 Daltons per mole - which is a mass of 150,000 grams per mole. OK - what the heck is a Dalton? A Dalton is defined as one atomic mass unit - or - 1/12th of the mass of the most abundant isotope of the element, Carbon (which has a mass of 12.0000 grams per mole) However, if you look at a Periodic Table of the Elements, you will see that the atomic mass of carbon is listed as 12.0111 - the reason being that this value is the average atomic mass of all of the known isotopes of Carbon
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
What is an antibody?
Antibody molecules are wonderful things. These molecules are made of protein - meaning - the molecule is a bunch of different individual amino acids hooked together in a row (a polymer of amino acids). Each antibody molecule has two different polymers hooked together - one of these amino acid polymers is known as the Heavy chain and the other one is known as the Light chain. Guess why? --- you are correct - because one of these polymers is heavier than the other, or lighter than the other - depends on your perspective... See how precise science terms can sometimes be? Now, I am not going to call these things polymers any longer... the Heavy chain is a protein all by itself, as is the Light chain... and when the Heavy and Light chains are connected to one another (side-by-side), each folds around the other to form an HL pair. Now, two pair of HL's are _also_ connected to one another side-by-side to form the overall antibody molecule. So, there are at least two Heavy chains and two Light chains in an antibody molecule, and, _both_ Heavy chains within the same antibody molecule are absolutely identical to one another, and _both_ Light chains within the same antibody molecule are identical to one another.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
heart__hacker said:
QV i need help about anty bodies yay kia hain koyoo hoty hain and ager yay 2 3 days kay kids main hon to kia un ka blood transplant kerna theek hota haii?(sorry naam sahii yaad nahii) bcz merii 2 days kii bateeji main thii and doc nain kiya and 1st time wo kamyab raha but 2nd time not and wo qomay main chali gyii and she dead. why this happen?
sorry HH aap ki baat ka reply late hai but u know main jb per nahin aa rahi thi na main aik do din main anti bodies k baray main aap ko info doon gi INshallah
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7823 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
( MALVANI FISH CURRY ) Ingredients
Fish pieces 400 gms. Chopped onion ½ cup Chopped ginger 1 tsp. Tamarind (seedless) 10 gms. Coconut milk ½ cup Fresh grated coconut ¾ cup Dry red chili whole 2 no. Red chili powder 1 tsp. Soaked rice 1 tbsp. Cumin seeds 1 tsp. Coriander seeds 2 tsp. Turmeric powder ½ tsp. Oil 2 tbsp. Salt To taste
Method 1. Apply salt, turmeric powder and red chili powder to the fish pieces and keep aside for 15 minutes. 2. Lightly roast cumin and coriander seeds. Mix with dry red chilies, soaked rice and grated coconut. Grind it to a smooth paste. Soak tamarind in half a cup of hot water. 3. Heat oil in a pan. Add chopped onions and chopped ginger. Cook on a high flame till onions are golden brown. Stir in fish pieces and add 2 cups of water. Bring it to a boil. 4. Stir in coconut and spice paste. 5. Mash tamarind dissolved in water to make a pulp. Strain and add to the gravy. 6. Simmer for 2 minutes and finish with coconut milk. 7. Add fish pieces and cook on a medium flame for 7-8 minutes or till the fish is done.
